Queen’s University will install North America’s first carbon-sequestering field turf at Nixon Field, enhancing sustainability while supporting sports and research.
Thousands of pupils across Wales and central England were given the day off after nearly 5in (12cm) of snow fell in places and temperatures plunged to -11.2C (12.2F).
Police launched urgent searches for three missing teenagers in Scotland, South Yorkshire and North Tyneside today amid the Arctic chill as temperatures fell to -11C (12F).
[IPS] Baku -- The industrial revolution set the ball rolling towards global warming. Today, developing nations are on the frontlines of a climatic carnage and its snowballing effects. Developed nations bear a financial responsibility to provide climate finance to developing nations, as financing the transition to a low-carbon economy is an urgent, critical matter.
PHOTO: Pure Advantage By Liz Kivi New carbon market rules negotiated at the United Nations climate summit could have negative consequences for carbon forestry in New Zealand, experts are warning.
As the glaciers of South America retreat, the supply of freshwater is dwindling and its quality is getting worse.
Thousands of NATO soldiers are taking part in large-scale artillery exercises in Finland's Arctic this month, seen by some as a signal to neighbouring Russia over its war on Ukraine.
[Capital FM] COP29 in Baku has marked a historic step forward with the establishment of a global carbon market under Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement.
Today (18 November) British Antarctic Survey (BAS) joins global celebrations to mark LGBTQ+ STEM DAY and Polar Pride Day. Polar Pride is a celebration of the contribution of LGBTQ+ people … The post Polar Pride 2024 appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
The United Nations moved forward with plans to create its own carbon market. That could bolster confidence in the existing carbon market.
People have been left stunned by how Antarctica looks at midnight after the clocks went back in the UK at the end of October - as other parts of the world benefit from the change.
Today marks the release of The Seventh Continent, a new album from the international Sounds of Space Project that offers a unique aural journey to Antarctica. The album features contributions … The post Sounds of Antarctica come to life in new album appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
A metal-organic framework is activated to capture carbon dioxide at high temperatures
Political leaders in the United States, Finland and Canada announced Wednesday that the three nations will build world-class icebreakers for the Arctic and polar waters.
Countries can sell carbon credits to other nations to help them meet their climate targets.
At COP29, India is advocating for clear standards in carbon market creation and pushing for substantial climate finance for developing nations. India emphasized the need for accessible, predictable funding exceeding $1.3 trillion annually to support mitigation, adaptation, and address loss and damage.
[Premium Times] This year, the COP29 agenda is expected to be anchored on climate finance, mitigation, and adaptation, with the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) designed to provide support for vulnerable communities in global climate solutions.
Roughly 90 million years ago, climatic conditions in Antarctica were suitable for resin-producing trees. A team of researchers led by the Alfred Wegener Institute and the TU Bergakademie Freiberg have just released a paper in the journal Antarctic Science, in which they describe the southernmost discovery of amber in the world.
The discovery came as scientists from different organizations were aboard the Healy, one of two polar-class Coast Guard icebreaking cutters.
This is a re-post from The Climate Brink , and an excerpt from a much more detailed State of the Climate Q3 2024 report that I published over at Carbon Brief today. See that for more details on climate model/observation comparisons, sea ice extent, and other climate variables. The warmest year on record In my latest quarterly state of the climate assessment over at Carbon Brief, I analysed records from five different research groups that report global surface temperature records: NASA’s GISTEMP ; NOAA’s GlobalTemp ; Hadley/UEA’s HadCRUT5 ; Berkeley Earth ; and Copernicus/ECMWF . The figure below shows my estimate of where 2024 temperatures will end up in each of the groups...
Once heavily scorned because of fraud and poor outcomes, carbon trading is likely to be high on the agenda in Baku For the next two weeks, countries will gather on the shores of the Caspian Sea in Baku, Azerbaijan, to discuss how to increase finance for climate crisis adaptation and mitigation. A global agreement on carbon markets will be high on the agenda as countries try to find ways of generating the trillions they need to decarbonise in order to limit heating to below 2C above preindustrial levels. Here is what you need to know. Continue reading...
Welcome to our second Postcard from Rothera Research Station, giving you an update on progress as we modernise our largest station in Antarctica. Start of Summer The recent arrival of … The post October 2024: Postcard from Rothera Research Station appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
Even as winter takes hold in the Arctic, sea ice there is growing sluggishly. In Antarctica, summer’s arrival has driven sea ice to near-record lows.
The carbon footprint from private jet travel grew 46 percent between 2019 and 2023.
A student-led project comparing satellite images of the Arctic has discovered that a small Russian island has recently vanished after "completely melting" away.
Governments could finally approve new UN standards for countries and companies wanting to trade carbon credits, a long-awaited decision some hope can bring credibility to a scandal-ridden sector.
The Doomsday Glacier - an Antarctic glacier the size of Florida - is melting faster than expected. If it collapses, it will cause catastrophic flooding in coastal cities around the world.
People have never been swayed by ‘rational debate’. Only a genuine change in the way we do politics can prevent the march of the right We were losing slowly. Now we are losing quickly. Democracy, accountability, human rights, social justice – all were rolling backwards as money swarmed our politics . Above all, our life-support systems – the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, ecosystems, ice and snow – have been hammered and hammered, regardless of who is in power. Donald Trump might strike the killer blows, but he is not the cause of an ecocidal economic system. He is the embodiment of it. Under Joe Biden, the US was missing its own climate goals, and those goals were insufficient to meet the global objective of limiting heating to 1.5C above preindustrial levels. That target in turn might...
Voters easily defeated a ballot measure Tuesday seeking to kill the Washington state carbon market. Other states might start their own markets.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 129, Issue 21, 16 November 2024.
Kaktovik, on an island in the Arctic Ocean, was one of two Alaska communities whose polling places didn't open for the primary.
On Friday 1st November, 2024 ESA’s General Support Technology Programme (GSTP) and Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA), Norway, have signed a contract to develop the Arctic Ocean Surveillance precursor (AOS-p) mission.
Scientists use new technology to sequence the DNA of microscopic ocean creatures for the first time Off the west coast of Greenland, a 17-metre (56ft) aluminium sailing boat creeps through a narrow, rocky fjord in the Arctic twilight. The research team onboard, still bleary-eyed from the rough nine-day passage across the Labrador Sea, lower nets to collect plankton. This is the first time anyone has sequenced the DNA of the tiny marine creatures that live here. Watching the nets with palpable excitement is Prof Leonid Moroz, a neuroscientist at the University of Florida’s Whitney marine lab. “This is what the world looked like when life began,” he tells his friend, Peter Molnar, the expedition leader with whom he co-founded the Ocean Genome Atlas Project (Ogap). Continue reading...
Analysis finds demand for wood pellets from US for North Yorkshire power plant reduces forest carbon stocks Drax will keep raising the levels of carbon emissions in the atmosphere until the 2050s despite using carbon capture technology, according to scientific research. The large power plant in North Yorkshire is a significant generator of electricity for the UK but has faced repeated criticism of its business model of burning wood pellets sourced from forests in the US and Canada. Continue reading...
Soil is full of an uncountable number of viruses, and scientists are only beginning to understand just how substantial their role in the carbon cycle may be
Preserving previous year’s snow for start of season can combat increasingly unpredictable winters Before the arrival of electric fridges and freezers, people across Finland would saw a block of ice from a river or lake before the spring thaw, thickly cover it in an insulating layer of sawdust and stack it in barns, pits or ice cellars to protect produce from the warm air of the summer months. Amid global heating and increasingly unpredictable shorter winters, a modern twist on the traditional jään säilöminen (ice preservation) technique is now being touted as a way to save Europe’s struggling low- and medium-altitude ski resorts. Continue reading...
Climate advocates are watching to see if state voters eliminate a carbon market launched in 2023 to reduce carbon emissions.
Image: kazuend on Unsplash Carbon credits remain at the heart of global efforts to limit dangerous climate change, with prices predicted to rise towards US$125 by 2035, according to new analysis.
Smith announced earlier this week that her United Conservative Party government is seeking a judicial review of Ottawa's exemption of the carbon levy on home heating oil.
Conventional over-the-road diesel trucks are one of the biggest contributors to global carbon emissions. Yet, industrial BEVs are largely ineffective due to their battery's weight and impact on payload.
Three groups including the Maryland Chamber of Commerce warn about a carbon market the state is considering launching.
In an exclusive small gathering, Geoffrey Hinton voiced his hopes and concerns about AI to Global News and warned the risks to jobs could be as great as the Industrial Revolution.
Image: Mladen Borisov on Unsplash With the final carbon auction of the year less than six weeks away, experts are watching keenly to see if any carbon units are likely to enter the market at auction.
[Oxfam] The carbon footprint of a super-rich European, accumulated from nearly a week of using super yachts and private jets, matches the lifetime carbon footprint of someone in the world's poorest 1 percent, a new Oxfam report reveals today. The first-of-its-kind study, "Carbon Inequality Kills", tracks the emissions from private jets, yachts and polluting investments and comes ahead of COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, amidst growing fears that climate breakdown is accelerating, driven largely by the emissions of the
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Volume 129, Issue 10, October 2024.
Babirusas are believed to have diverged from their pig ancestors between 26 million and 12 million years ago after getting isolated on Sulawesi when sea levels rose at the end of the last ice age.
Geostrategic importance and criticality to global trade cited amid ‘active’ cooperation this year between Beijing and Moscow in Arctic Ocean.
Population assessments have revealed that polar bears in Greenland are suffering from crippling wounds on their paws due to wet snow that gets stuck to the pads and freezes into blocks.
An engineer’s clever artificial glaciers bring water back to parched Himalayan fields.
Jill Heinerth, now 60, a Canadian cave diver and underwater explorer, recounted in an article for People how she dove hundreds of feet to intercept the largest iceberg in history.
The Endurance shipwreck spent 107 years submerged in Antarctic waters before being rediscovered and later scanned in 3D.
Police say potential carbon monoxide poisoning is their "primary line of inquiry".
IMAGE: Matthew Cowie/EY Stockpile holders will have the power to set the NZU price in future, as the importance of the government’s carbon auctions wanes, Emissions Trading Scheme participants were told last week.
Glaciologist Martin Truffer says knowing the gorge's depth could help our understanding of how much ice is in other mountain glaciers.
Natural sinks of forests and peat were key to Finland’s ambitious target to be carbon neutral by 2035. But now, the land has started emitting more greenhouse gases than it stores.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 129, Issue 20, 28 October 2024.
The dirty little secret of brewing is that it uses heat, water and fossil fuels. Here’s how some craft brewers have been tackling the problem Change by degrees offers life hacks and sustainable living tips each Saturday to help reduce your household’s carbon footprint Got a question or tip for reducing household emissions? Email us at changebydegrees@theguardian.com There is a theory that the origin of civilisation lies at the bottom of a beer glass. To grow the hops and barley needed to brew, ancient people had to settle in one place to tend their crops. From this basic desire to have a good time, the reasoning goes, evolved everything needed for a good pub: bread, plumbing and culture. Not everyone agrees – others suggest bread baking came first – but what matters is that beer...
Then-President Donald Trump lost a 2019 lawsuit challenging California’s carbon market. Experts say the markets are on solid legal footing.
An exotic creature with white fur was spotted wandering around an Oregon city — a long way from its natural home. The animal was confirmed to be an Arctic fox that has likely been held in captivity all of its life, the wildlife nonprofit Bird Alliance of Oregon said in an Oct. 15 Facebook post. “Arctic foxes don’t naturally occur in Oregon, so this species is considered an exotic animal here,” the nonprofit said. The fox was spotted in southeast Portland, near Sellwood Bridge, the group’s spokesperson Ali Berman told McClatchy News by email. A couple walking across the bridge saw the animal, The Oregonian reported. At the time, they didn’t know it was an Arctic fox. “It definitely looked wild and it looked like a puppy,” Richard Melling told the news outlet. “It was like a very, very happy...
The Yukon Arctic Security Advisory Council released a report Tuesday with suggestions to the territory to improve its defence planning and capacity in part by investing in transportation and communication technologies.
Scientists from ETH Zurich in Switzerland and Vrije Universiteit Brussel in Belgium have predicted glacier loss under different carbon emissions scenarios.
As Arctic temperatures rise, marine-terminating glaciers—especially in places like Svalbard—are undergoing rapid retreat and intensified calving.The ESA-funded Space for Shore project utilises radar data from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission to provide precise, year-over-year insights into glacier retreat and calving intensity, particularly in areas like Kongsfjorden, where notable glaciers are experiencing significant retreat.
Britons are being told to expect icy patches on the roads and, as the cold flurries continue, a risk of power cuts and disruption to bus and train services.
An international research team, led by British Antarctic Survey (BAS), has been awarded £3.7M to advance a ground-breaking study on how underwater tsunamis are triggered by glacier calving around Antarctica. … The post Underwater tsunamis focus of new study appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
Mercury pollution from burning coal is contaminating our oceans and seafood, threatening global health. Dr. Amina Schartup, a marine chemist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, has spent nearly 20 years studying the mercury cycle. Her research sheds light on how this heavy metal, released through industrial activities like coal burning, affects ecosystems and people […]
The industrial revolution set the ball rolling towards global warming. Today, developing nations are on the frontlines of a climatic carnage and its snowballing effects. Developed nations bear a financial responsibility to provide climate finance to developing nations, as financing the transition to a low-carbon economy is an urgent, critical matter. This year, 2024, is […]
That’s one old kitty. Researchers have discovered the remains of a 35,000-year-old saber-toothed tiger cub nearly perfectly preserved in Siberian permafrost, according to reports. The remains — consisting of the animal’s upper torso, forward legs and head — were found encased in a chunk of ice by researchers in a remote corner of northeast Siberia,...
A study modelling the impact of melting ice suggests scientists have underestimated the risk that an important ocean current will shut down and cause climate chaos
Unusually mild spell to end with subzero temperatures likely overnight in much of northern England and Scotland It could be time to get out the woolly jumpers, the UK Met Office has warned, as an Arctic blast brings the threat of plummeting temperatures, sleet, snow and ice. The unusually mild and dry weather conditions of November so far are set to be replaced by more typical patterns. A yellow weather warning for northern Scotland kicks in at 4pm on Sunday, extending to southern Scotland and northern England on Monday evening into Tuesday. Continue reading...
Ice Age 6 has claimed the December 18, 2026 release date originally designated for "Untitled Star Wars."
The average global temperature for last month was 59.58°F (15.32°C) - just 0.09°F (0.05°C) cooler than October 2023, the hottest October in history.
Extraordinarily warm ocean temperatures in the Atlantic are helping to fuel an unusually active hurricane season. The post World on track for hottest year ever as carbon pollution hits record levels appeared first on Yale Climate Connections.
Most of us are familiar with the mammoths in "Ice Age," but how much do you really know about these creatures? Find out by taking our quiz.
There is a 50% chance that global warming will consistently exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius in the next six years, according to a new report.
New Brunswick's premier says her newly elected Liberal government will draft a carbon pricing plan that will be submitted for Ottawa's approval.
The creation of a UN-backed global carbon market has taken a step closer to reality with governments approving new standards for the use of credits to meet climate targets.
Scientists warn of vastly higher impacts on billions of people’s livelihood and cost to the global economy by the accelerating losses in the world’s snow and ice regions, aka the cryosphere. Over 50 leading cryosphere scientists released an annual report on the status of the world’s ice stores on Tuesday (November 12) at the UN […]
Most assessments of global warming use 1850-1900 as a baseline, but researchers have now established a new pre-industrial reference by using Antarctic ice cores to estimate the average temperature before 1700
Governments at the COP29 talks approved Monday new UN standards for international carbon markets in a key step toward allowing countries to trade credits to meet their climate targets.
Ottawa is finalizing its long-awaited Arctic foreign policy with Inuit leaders for release before the end of the year, as Canada braces for a second Trump presidency and increasing threats to its sovereignty from China and Russia.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Volume 129, Issue 11, November 2024.
[allAfrica] As the world braces for the upcoming COP29 climate summit in Baku, the chasm between environmental pledges and tangible action remains far too wide. Despite decades of promises, the global transition to a green economy is progressing at a glacial pace. If we are to meet our climate goals, we need a package of solutions that includes financing, technology transfer, investment in environmental goods and services and importantly, more practical solutions that deliver results on the ground.
[The content of this article has been produced by our advertising partner.] Picture this: top Cantopop stars like Ian, Stanley, Jer, and Jeremy from Mirror, alongside Gin Lee, Janice Vidal, Yan Ting, JACE, Beanies and Rover, lighting up the stage, with an electrifying crowd and the chance to be there for free - all while contributing to Hong Kong’s carbon neutrality goals. The Zero Carbon Concert is a unique music event dedicated to reducing carbon footprints. It’s not just a show but part of a broader movement encouraging everyone to make small changes to help achieve carbon neutrality. This event is all part of the ‘Carbon Reduction Action’ campaign, which kicks off on November 1. New campaign promotes low-carbon living The Carbon Reduction Action campaign encourages the...
Nature Climate Change, Published online: 08 November 2024; doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02135-7Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a commonly touted method for marine carbon dioxide removal but many questions remain, including its capacity for large-scale carbon removal. Computer models have now been used to map the timescales and efficiency of carbon removal at global scale, revealing important regional differences.
The climate impact of flights taken by the super-rich rose sharply from 2019 to 2023, fuelling calls for a carbon tax on private aviation
IMAGE: Ministry for the Environment The carbon price is still inching up towards the auction floor, with the final auction for 2024 less than a month away. But the US election result means uncertain times for global...
The auction is slated for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge’s coastal plain, which provides critical habitat for polar bears and other wildlife.
A survey found many see carbon capture and utilization as economically beneficial, but they are less supportive of projects in their communities.
Surfers on Ocean Beach, Australia, were in for a surprise, after discovering a rather unexpected animal on the beach - an emperor penguin.
Christian Åslund was shocked at the difference between what he saw in 2002 and what confronted him this summer Standing in blinding sunlight on an archipelago above the Arctic Circle, the photographer Christian Åslund looked in shock at a glacier he had last visited in 2002. It had almost completely disappeared. Two decades ago Greenpeace asked Åslund to use photographs taken in the early 20th century, and photograph the same views in order to document how glaciers in Svalbard were melting due to global heating. The difference in ice density in those pictures, taken almost a century apart, was staggering. Continue reading...
A new season of construction is underway in Antarctica for the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). Specialist teams are arriving at Rothera, the UK’s largest research station and gateway for international … The post New construction season drives Antarctic modernisation forward appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
Skeptical Science is partnering with Gigafact to produce fact briefs — bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. This fact brief was written by Sue Bin Park from the Gigafact team in collaboration with members from our team. You can submit claims you think need checking via the tipline . Are most glaciers growing? The vast majority of glaciers have continued to shrink worldwide. To maintain stability, snowfall must equal ice loss from processes like surface melt, wind erosion, and avalanches. In most of the world, glaciers are shrinking due to warming and snowfall changes. By 1990, glaciers worldwide had lost 7% to 28% of their 1901 mass. Glacier research dates back to the 1890s, while specific “reference glaciers” have been continuously tracked since...
Conservationists warn actions and ambitions of two super powers could lead to overexploitation of vital food source for whales, penguins and seals Follow our Australia news live blog for latest updates Get our breaking news email , free app or daily news podcast China and Russia are working together to block new Antarctic marine parks and loosen krill fishing restrictions, undermining a major international convention designed to protect the region from overexploitation, according to analysts and conservationists. With the support of Russia, China reportedly used its veto rights at a meeting of the 26-nation Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) in Tasmania to prevent the renewal of an agreement restricting krill fishing. Continue reading...
Image: The icy landscape of Ross Island in Antarctica is featured in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image from 3 February 2024, during the austral summer.
Global warming during the Last Interglacial period caused so much Arctic ice to melt that Atlantic currents collapsed — and scientists say these are the conditions we could be heading toward.
Vincent Crowe was working at the mine's gold district project near Bathurst Inlet in western Nunavut in 2022 when, while clearing snow from the ice road onsite, the dozer he was operating went through the sea ice near a pressure ridge on the ice road.
Scientists have identified one of the largest carbon-based molecules in space yet. It could help us decode the origins of life as we know it.
Researchers observing polar bears in two different populations in northern Canada and Greenland found that some of the bears were experiencing hair loss, gashes and ice buildup on their paws that, in some cases, seriously affected their mobility.
Lorenzi was training on the Schnalstal Glacier on Monday when she fell and hit her head on the hard piste and suffered a traumatic brain injury.
A 2014 photo shows a massive, iceberg-littered pool of vibrant blue meltwater sitting alone on top of a glacier in Alaska. Similar "melt ponds" are becoming increasingly common in the Arctic due to climate change and are further accelerating the rate of ice loss across the region.
[Oxfam] Fifty of the world's richest billionaires on average produce more carbon through their investments, private jets and yachts in just over an hour and a half than the average person does in their entire lifetime, a new Oxfam report reveals today. The first-of-its-kind study, "Carbon Inequality Kills," tracks the emissions from private jets, yachts and polluting investments and details how the super-rich are fueling inequality, hunger and death across the world. The report comes ahead of COP29 in Baku,
Rain has so far been ignored in calculations of the ocean's capacity to take up carbon, but a new estimate shows it enhances the ocean sink by 5% to 7%.
The buzz of excitement at Berlin Zoo was abruptly interrupted by cries of panic and the loud splash as something dropped into the moat within the polar bear enclosure.
The Day After Tomorrow, a 20-year-old disaster movie that imagines the world plunged into a new Ice Age, could never become reality... could it?
Scientists who studied the mammals in the Arctic over 10 years found lacerations, skin ulcers and hair loss on more than 40 of the creatures.
Complex carbon-based molecules crucial to life on Earth originated somewhere in space, but we didn't know where. Now, huge amounts of them have been spotted in a huge, cold cloud of gas
The Antarctic field season is now underway, marked by the arrival of the first aircraft at Rothera Research Station. And with a new season brings a new roster of innovative … The post A new Antarctic season begins for 2024/25 appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
Climate change and sea ice loss leaves polar bears exposed to more diseases, research suggests.
Stories have surfaced of animals such as polar bears fighting off new diseases, and sometimes losing that fight.
SINGAPORE - Singapore is prepared to grant 30-year import licences to companies investing billions of dollars in low-carbon electricity projects, the head of its energy regulator said on Wednesday, in a move aimed at helping the firms recoup their initial investments.
Three Alaska women have been selected as Fulbright Arctic Initiative scholars. We learn about their international research plans on this Talk of Alaska.
The country announced a new exploration vessel as part of its growing presence in polar regions.
Sheehy has claimed that he was wounded in Afghanistan, but ranger says he investigated accidental shooting in park in 2015 A former Montana park ranger has now publicly accused Tim Sheehy – a Republican running for a US Senate seat in the state – of lying about getting shot while at war in Afghanistan. In an interview with the Washington Post published on Friday, 67-year-old Kim Peach went on the record about how Sheehy – a former US navy seal – actually shot himself on a family trip in 2015 at Glacier national park. Peach’s account explicitly contradicts Sheehy’s claim that he was shot in the arm during military combat, a story that the Republican candidate has shared throughout his US Senate campaign. Continue reading...
The Martian life that may one day be found within the Red Planet's dusty ice might resemble life in arctic 'cryoconite holes' here on Earth, according to a new NASA-led study
Fires in non-tropical forests have steadily emitted more carbon each year since 2001, releasing an additional half a billion tons of carbon dioxide annually, a new study has found.
Levy rising by €100 for each return flight after the first in a year could cut emissions by 21%, report says A “jet-setter” tax on Europe’s frequent flyers could slow global heating and raise €64bn (£54bn) a year at no extra cost to most people, a report has found. Carbon pollution pumped out of planes could fall by 21% if people were made to pay more for each extra flight they take beyond the first return trip, according to analysis from the New Economics Foundation (NEF) and partner organisations. Just over half the benefits in a given year would come from the 5% of people who fly the most, while 72% of people would escape fees by flying once or not at all. Continue reading...
Most animals retreated to small, warmer enclaves. But some, like humans, seemed to have stayed where they were.