The first people in the Americas arrived no earlier than 21,000 years ago, but 'there are huge gaps in our genetic dataset,' a new study reports.
Arctic sea ice minimum ties for tenth lowest On September 12, Arctic sea ice likely reached its annual minimum extent of 4.60 million square kilometers (1.78 million square miles). The 2026 minimum shares the tenth lowest spot in the nearly 48-year satellite record with 2008, 2010, and 2025. The last 20 years, from 2007 to 2026, are the lowest 20 sea ice extents in the satellite record. In the Antarctic, sea ice extent has been tracking near record low levels for most of the growth season, most likely reaching its maximum extent on September 14 at 17.59 million square kilometers (6.79 million square miles). If this maximum date holds, this will be the third lowest Antarctic sea ice maximum on record. It must be noted that large fluctuations...
Climate change is making glacial lake outbursts much more frequent.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Volume 131, Issue 10, October 2026.
A disturbance characterized by above-normal sea levels is spreading up the Pacific coast of Central and North America, and it could make the damage from predicted storms this winter much worse.
Moisture from Polo and ex-hurricane Odalys is helping spawn heavy rain and potential flooding from northwest Mexico into the southwest and central U.S.
Nature, Published online: 29 September 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02971-xResearchers quantify the economic damage caused by climate-change-related heat stress on the global workforce.
Polo aims for Baja California, Nolo flirts with Category 5 strength, and Rachel intensifies as the Pacific’s relentless late-September storm train rolls on. Meanwhile, Hanna is born in the Atlantic.
At the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry, visitors learn about clean energy and glacier melt.
A listing of 28 news and opinion articles we found interesting and shared on social media during the past week: Sun, September 20, 2026 thru Sat, September 26, 2026. Stories we promoted this week, by category: Climate Policy and Politics (8 items) Interview with Senator Sheldon Whitehouse: ''Call Out the Corruption Propelling the US Climate Retreat'' The Rhode Island senator, who could lead the Judiciary Committee if Democrats win in November, urges stronger messaging and a focus on Supreme Court reform. Inside Climate News, Marianne Lavelle, Sep 20, 2026. Whitehouse: Call Out the Corruption Propelling the US Climate Retreat The Rhode Island senator, who could lead the Judiciary Committee if Democrats win in November, urges stronger messaging and a focus on Supreme...
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Volume 131, Issue 9, September 2026.
Author Will Hackman wants to connect with readers who aren’t already concerned about climate change.
Open access notables The Increasing Incidence of Boreal and Western U.S. Forest Wildfires and Its Causes: An Overview , Wallace et al., Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society This overview of the voluminous wildfire literature addresses the following questions: “How seriously is the current spate of wildfires impacting the boreal forests and the forests of the western United States? Is the current rate of burning of these forests unprecedented? Has it been systematically increasing over the past few decades and, if so, is it in response to human-induced global warming?” The article contains diagrams and tables based on a suite of fire-related datasets: satellite measurements of burned area, fire-related carbon emissions, aerosol optical depth, dating back...
Agricultural emissions represent an important and understudied part of Earth’s land and atmosphere systems. The FarmFlux mission will deploy more than a dozen sensors to measure ozone, methane, ammonia, particulates, and other pollutants rising from agricultural lands and animal farms and the interaction with the Earth’s atmosphere. The mission is jointly led by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; Colorado […]
Learn more about the 18,000-year-old mammoth ivory figurines that suggest Ice Age artists drew inspiration from the natural structure of mammoth tusks.
NASA-supported scientists have discovered an organism that lives at extreme temperatures previously thought impossible for complex life. High temperatures can cause the destruction of necessary cell components, which is a big problem for cells with complex parts like a nucleus encasing delicate genetic information. In the heated waters of California’s Lassen Volcanic National Park, a […]
Skeptical Science is partnering with Gigafact to produce fact briefs — bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. You can submit claims you think need checking via the tipline . Does wind power require backup from fossil fuels? Most power grids still combine fossil fuels with renewables, but some already run entirely on renewable energy and offer models others could follow. The majority of 100% renewable grids rely primarily on hydropower, though certain nations have significantly incorporated wind in their portfolios. Costa Rica and Uruguay have achieved 99-100% renewable power with around 17% and 35% coming from wind, respectively. Several U.S. municipalities meet electricity demands using diverse portfolios of renewables, including wind. Burlington, Vermont’s...
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 131, Issue 18, 28 September 2026.
In a rare expression of forecast confidence, NHC predicted Polo would become a Cat 5 at a time when it was still a tropical storm.
Maps that account for rainfall and overwhelmed storm drains show greater risks than traditional flood plain maps.
While the sea ice melt season has lengthened dramatically in most of the satellite era, the trend unexpectedly stabilized around 2010.
Abstract The Carmelitano catfish, Heptapterus carmelitanorum , is a freshwater species that occurs in southeastern Brazil. The need to evaluate the extinction risk of the species motivated new sampling efforts in different watercourses of the country. In addition to evaluating the extinction risk of the Carmelitano catfish, we collected several undescribed species; some of them were recently named. This experience allowed us to reflect on and question the situation in the Global South. Countries of this sociopolitical group, which are rich in biodiversity, but are yet relatively underfunded in terms of research investment (compared to countries in the Global North), must now be rapidly inventoried before dark extinctions occur. We highlight the urgent need for nations worldwide to invest more...
A century of development, rising seas, and climate change have made South Florida far more vulnerable to a catastrophic storm.
The impacts of climate change on health are becoming clearer. What can we do to respond?
Live Science spoke with Amazon researcher Bernardo Flores about how El Niño could help drive Earth's largest tropical rainforest past a globe-altering tipping point.
This is a re-post from Yale Climate Connections by Sanket Jain Extreme heat and widespread drought related to climate change have been in the headlines this summer everywhere from Europe to the Colorado River Basin to Puerto Rico and Bangladesh . But drought is only the beginning of the problem for drinking water. Scientists say the depleted groundwater supplies that remain will warm by 2.1 degrees C globally by the end of this century – changing their chemistry and leading to contamination. And heat is just one concern. Droughts and fluctuating rainfall patterns are also altering groundwater quality. The good news is that around the world, local and regional authorities are experimenting with ways to replenish groundwater, including methods for collecting...
Learn why elk accounted for more aggressive wildlife encounters than bears across Canadian national parks.
These titles showcase how disciplines across the curriculum can inform our response to climate change.
In this exclusive video, we explore how climate change and rising temperatures can affect mental health.
This is a re-post from Carbon Brief by Josh Gabbatiss, Daisy Dunne, Molly Lempriere, Dr Simon Evans Reform UK, led by Nigel Farage, has emerged as a major force in UK politics in recent years – pushing anti-net-zero policies, alongside vehement opposition to immigration. The hard-right populist party is currently mired in a funding controversy and only has a handful of MPs, yet, until recently, it had been leading in national polls for more than a year. As seen with many similar parties across Europe and beyond, a rejection of climate science is central to Reform’s ideological outlook. Richard Tice, the party’s deputy leader, is a vocal critic of what he calls “ net stupid zero ” and has incorrectly blamed “the sun or volcanoes”...
Video: 00:06:30 Plants may look still and silent, but every leaf is constantly responding to its environment.As plants photosynthesise, they emit an incredibly faint glow called fluorescence. Invisible to our eyes, this signal can reveal how plants are using sunlight and how they respond to heat, drought, pests and other environmental stresses.ESA’s Fluorescence Explorer, or FLEX, will detect this faint signal from space. Using its highly sensitive FLORIS instrument, FLEX will map plant fluorescence across Earth, giving scientists a new way to observe plant health and photosynthetic activity on a global scale.These observations will help us better understand how vegetation responds to a changing climate, including the effects of drought, and improve our understanding of the global carbon...
Arctic zigs; Antarctic zags Greetings, readers! Our monthly sea ice analyses are returning just in time for the September equinox. In the Arctic, the sea ice extent this summer was tracking 2012 levels until August. While Siberia and the Canadian Archipelago experienced a very warm summer, the high-latitude Arctic Ocean was relatively cool. In the Antarctic, sea ice underwent an unusually large mid-winter decline over a week in August. Overview of conditions Arctic sea ice extent for August 2026 averaged 5.56 million square kilometers (2.15 million square miles), the seventh lowest in the satellite record (Figure 1a). This monthly average extent was 840,000 square kilometers (324,000 square miles) above the satellite record low set in 2012 (Figure 1b). Sea ice extent...
Climate change will increase our exposure to myriad infections, from tick-borne diseases to drug-resistant bacterial infections.
The intensifying super El Niño, combined with global warming, is favored to make 2026 the hottest year on record, with 2027 expected to be even hotter.
The Tara Polar Station – a ship built specifically for polar missions by the French organisation Tara Ocean Foundation – is deliberately allowing itself to become trapped in the sea ice in order to explore the Arctic Ocean. Researchers from the Alfred Wegener Institute are also taking part in the Tara Polaris I expedition (2026–2027). The Tara Polar Station has now reached the ice floe; the resulting drift marks the start of an international research programme planned for the next two decades. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the state of our planet’s only polar ocean, as well as the state of the Earth itself.
Permafrost is a key component of the Arctic’s complex ecosystem: it stores large quantities of carbon over long periods and provides for firm, stable ground. As the ice melts, the ground subsides, creating a depression in which meltwater can collect and, over many years, grows into a lake. While these thermokarst lakes accelerate the thawing of permafrost, they are a vital source of livelihood for local people at the same time. With technical support from North American partners, researchers at the Alfred Wegener Institute have established the ‘Lost Lakes‘ database, which provides key information on the state of Arctic thermokarst lakes in real time, as well as over longer periods. This enables detecting changes in permafrost landscapes as soon as they occur and helps local communities to respond...
NOAA data show unprecedented heat across the contiguous U.S., as deepening drought, shrinking reservoirs, and a severe wildfire season underscore the growing impacts of a warming climate.
In this excerpt from "The Carbon Wave," author Leah Stokes explores the lead up to that moment, and the wave of environmental action that followed.
New research finds that western Siberia is becoming wetter as the world warms, while eastern Siberia seems to be getting drier. And both these conditions are fueling a rise in methane emissions, spelling trouble for the climate.
Skeptical Science is partnering with Gigafact to produce fact briefs — bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. You can submit claims you think need checking via the tipline . Does hosting wind turbines provide farmers with additional income? Wind projects provide farmers with substantial economic benefits while allowing most land to remain in agricultural use. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory estimates about 98% of land within a typical wind project remains available for farming, grazing, or other uses. Meanwhile, farmers who host turbines can receive long-term lease payments that provide additional income and financial stability. One study found that farmers with turbines invested about twice as much in their farms, while 80% had plans for who would take...
Hurricane Lowell to bring impacts to Hawaii, isolated 14 inches of rain could produce flash floods, and could cause streams to overflow.
Ninety million years ago, Earth’s climate was so warm that dinosaurs roamed swampy rainforests even in what is now icy Antarctica. A team led by the Alfred Wegener Institute, RWTH Aachen University and Northumbria University has now found – in a sediment core - evidence of recurring wildfires in Cretaceous Antarctica near the South Pole. The fires apparently promoted the spread of early peatlands in the wet swamp forests. This ancient co-evolution of fire and peatland formation provides valuable insight into the development and preservation of raised bogs, which are now acutely threatened by climate change and increasing drought. The findings have now been published in the journal Communications Earth & Environment.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 131, Issue 17, 16 September 2026.
A listing of 28 news and opinion articles we found interesting and shared on social media during the past week: Sun, August 30, 2026 thru Sat, September 5, 2026. Stories we promoted this week, by category: Climate Change Impacts (6 articles) When a mountain falls: How ice and rock triggered Nepal`s catastrophic flood - and why climate change is raising the risks The Conversation, Umesh Haritashya, Aug 29, 2026. Climate crisis pushes French winemakers to bet on warmer future in Brittany and Normandy An important part of the French economy is chased north by climate change but successful adapatation is not a certainty. France 24, France 24 staff, Aug 31, 2026. Coral Reefs Are Running Out of Time to Recover, Research Finds Rising sea temperatures mean reefs...
An image from NASA Worldview shows how brittle Arctic sea ice is becoming due to global warming, with large patches of open water visible near the North Pole on Aug. 29.
Learn how radar revealed weeks of movement before the Nepal collapse and what nearly two centuries of glacier loss show about Langtang.
Almost every aspect of our food system will be transformed by climate change.
A Duke University program is training rural faith leaders to educate residents and provide relief during heat waves.
Learn about Thismia daemona, the “devil flower” recently found in a Thai national park that survives without sunlight.
The city’s Seeds of Change program is funding community gardens, composting efforts, solar installations, a bike repair program, and more.
Open access notables Centuries of global heating from Carbon Majors: Dependence on future emissions pathways , Frierson & Henrie, PLOS Climate We perform simulations that attribute the amount of global warming due to corporations, governments and other entities into the future. We utilize the Finite Amplitude Impulse Response (FaIR) model run until 2500, and the Carbon Majors dataset, a database with the emissions history associated with the top 178 oil, gas, coal, and cement producers. We perform counterfactual experiments to calculate the warming attributable to the emissions associated with these entities, using several different future emissions scenarios. The future atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) anomaly attributable to a company’s past emissions is smaller...
When Anak Krakatau erupted a few weeks ago, the European Space Agency’s EarthCARE satellite, orbiting above, captured vertical profiles of different constituents within the volcanic plume. Designed primarily to advance our understanding of how clouds and aerosols influence Earth’s climate, here EarthCARE also provided valuable information to support safe air travel.At the same time, these observations offer new insights into the impact that volcanic eruptions have on the climate system.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 131, Issue 19, 16 October 2026.
The cost of clean energy just keeps falling as the price of coal ramps up. Politicians promising affordability will follow those savings no matter who is in the White House. And in the meantime, there are ways to speed up the transition, says associate professor Leah Stokes.
This is a re-post from Yale Climate Connections by Barbara Grady As the Western United States grapples with severe drought, leading cities to scramble for water and farmers to abandon some crops, a new scientific study has found that 122 major oil, gas, coal, and cement companies and state-owned operations are partially responsible. The study found that climate change from all climate-warming greenhouse gas emissions over the last 70 years has resulted in a 36% decline in annual average mountain snowpacks, the major source of surface water in Western states – and that about 40% of that decline is linked to the climate pollution caused by just 122 companies. The annual loss attributable to those 122 companies is equivalent to the amount of water held by Lake Mead, the nation’s...
Noteworthy storms, tropical and otherwise, continued to pepper the Eastern and Central Pacific and North Atlantic on Sunday. The big landfall threat is Hurricane Polo (see below), but several other systems were making news this weekend – including a lumbering coastal storm in the Northeast U.S. that’s been unusually prolonged. Former Category 5 Polo is still […]
Atlantic storms will be short-lived, while powerful Pacific hurricanes persist and the Northeast battles a potent nor’easter.
Nolo threatens Hawaii with flooding rain and dangerous surf, while powerful Hurricane Polo could make another impact to México and more tropical systems take shape.
Learn how a new microscope revealed living Antarctic fish cells in detail and why their protein-folding challenges could matter to the human brain.
Hurricane Polo exploded from a tropical storm into a powerful Category 5 hurricane in less than 24 hours on Tuesday.
Arctic sea ice reached its annual minimum extent on Sept. 12, according to NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) at the University of Colorado Boulder. The ice covered an estimated 1.78 million square miles (4.6 million square kilometers), tying 2008, 2010, and 2025 for the 10th-lowest minimum in the satellite record. […]
More extreme storms could increase the threat in mountainous areas where steep slopes already create hazards.
A new study blames 122 companies for contributing to severe drought in the region.
Nature, Published online: 22 September 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02995-3A global safety net for climate-risk intelligence is urgently needed
This is a re-post from World Weather Attribution A catastrophic rock-ice avalanche that transitioned into a debris flood in the Himalayas along the Nepal–China border on 26 August 2026 has caused widespread destruction across Nepal and neighbouring regions. In Nepal, at the time of writing (14 September 2026) the disaster has resulted in over 1,300 confirmed deaths, with only a small fraction of victims identified and returned to their families. Over 5,000 people remain missing, around 13,700 people have been rescued and more than 8,600 people have received medical treatment ( NDRRMA, 2026e ). About 3,400 people are currently sheltering in holding centres ( NDRRMA, 2026a ) and an estimated 84,270 people across 17 local levels in the six districts of Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Dhading...
The glacial collapse that killed 1,400 people in Nepal in August highlighted one epicenter for such disasters — but there are other hotspots that experts are worried about.
A listing of 28 news and opinion articles we found interesting and shared on social media during the past week: Sun, September 13, 2026 thru Sat, September 19, 2026. Stories we promoted this week, by category: Climate Change Impacts (8 articles) A Super El Niño Is Building. Florida`s Most Vulnerable Homes Aren`t Ready. A strong El Niño is raising the odds of an active winter storm season—and the Floridians most likely to die in a tornado live in aging manufactured homes the state can’t even count. Inside Climate News, Kate Waxman, Sep 13, 2026. The Atmosphere Just Set a Water Vapor Record More water vapor means more rocket fuel for extreme rain — so this record is not good news The Climate Brink, Andrew Dessler, Sep 14, 2026. ...
While the Atlantic remains historically quiet with no hurricanes so far, several systems are stirring in the Pacific, including one that could strengthen near Mexico next week.
Open access notables Projected amplification of global warming by warming-induced greenhouse gas emissions , Abernethy et al., Environmental Research Letters Warming-induced emissions (WIE) of greenhouse gases from natural sources are a large amplifying feedback that most climate models do not yet represent. This absence risks systematic underestimation of projected future warming and overestimation of remaining carbon budgets. To assess the potential magnitude of these feedbacks, we derived relationships between global temperature and WIE rates from process-based model estimates across three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP4-6.0. The warming-induced methane emission rate from permafrost, wetlands, freshwaters, and wildfire combined increases...
Learn more about the thousands of objects Yellowstone staff have removed from the park's hydrothermal features, including 280 hats, 54 lens caps, and $18 in loose change.
The longest satellite data record of ice-sheet change ever assembled has revealed that Greenland and Antarctica have lost a staggering 11 trillion tonnes of ice since the 1970s, driving global sea level up by more than three centimetres.However, the new findings also highlight that the story is not simply one of ice melting at the surface. The glaciers that drain these vast ice sheets are also flowing faster, channelling enormous quantities of ice directly into the ocean.
This is a re-post from The Climate Brink by Andrew Dessler A few days ago, on an atmospheric sciences mailing list, Prof. Gary Lackmann pointed out that August 2026 set a record for the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. I thought this was right in TCB’s wheelhouse, so I’ve dug further into the numbers in this post. What does “precipitable water” mean? Precipitable water (abbreviated PWAT) is the water in the atmosphere that’s available to condense and fall as rain or snow. We quantify it by calculating how deep a puddle it would make if you condensed all of the water vapor in the atmosphere and rained it to the surface. The value is typically reported in millimeters. Here is the average PWAT over the 1991–2020 period. The global...
The reinstated federal BRIC program funds projects that make communities more resilient before fires, floods, and hurricanes strike.
Sea level rise worsens flooding, cutting people off from work, school, and services.
A listing of 28 news and opinion articles we found interesting and shared on social media during the past week: Sun, September 6, 2026 thru Sat, September 12, 2026. Stories we promoted this week, by category: Climate Change Impacts (10 articles) Satellite images of penguin droppings reveal impact of antarctic warming Penguin colonies are so large that their masses of excrement can be seen from space, offering scientists a useful means of studying the Antarctic birds. An analysis of 30 years of satellite images of penguin guano shows how the birds’ diets are shifting in response to warming. Yale Environment 360, Staff, Sep 06, 2026. Learning from the summers of 1976 and 2026 We have changed the climate in which our weather happens Climat Lab Book, Ed Hawkins...
Discover why the Odden ice tongue, once common in the Greenland Sea, is reappearing after years of absence.
Open access notables Early warning signals for tipping points in complex climate systems , LIU et al., Advances in Climate Change Research The growing risk of climate tipping events underscores the urgent need for reliable early warning signals (EWS). Here we synthesize recent advances in EWS research for climate systems, systematically categorizing available methods into three groups, namely statistical indicators, nonlinear dynamical diagnostics, and data-driven approaches, and evaluating their theoretical applicability to practical limitations. In conclusion, statistical indicators offer theoretical clarity but are sensitive to non-stationary noise, nonlinear dynamical methods provide enhanced robustness in high-dimensional settings, and network- and deep learning-based...
A stone bench and pillar on Bainbridge Island in Washington State show how sea levels could change over the coming decades.
Last November, NASA and its European partners launched the Sentinel-6B satellite to improve hurricane forecasts, help protect infrastructure, and benefit commercial industries, including shipping. The satellite now is flying 30 seconds behind its predecessor, Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich. Both satellites are providing precise sea level height measurements during what oceanographers expect to be a historic El […]
More than 1,000 visitors explored NASA sea level science firsthand during World Ocean Day at the University of Georgia Aquarium on Skidaway Island on June 6, 2026.
This is a re-post from The Climate Brink by Andrew Dessler This is the third and last in our series discussing the use of unadjusted data and how it overstates the warmth of the 1930s over the U.S. See part one and part two for more. A hall of fame for bad climate plots would definitely include this one: The plot covers the continental U.S., and it dramatically shows that temperatures in the 1930s were more extreme than those of the present period. The metric plotted, the heat wave index, is constructed as a station?average count of qualifying 4?day warm spells (mean temperature exceeds a local one?in?ten?year threshold) in each year, so higher values mean that heat waves were more frequent in that year. It was originally published in 1999 and has gone...
Nature Climate Change, Published online: 07 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41558-026-02761-3Author Correction: Tree species richness relates to long-term forest photosynthesis increase
It depends. Though water consumption by data centers pales in comparison to that of some other industries, it's a problem in water-stressed regions. Water-saving cooling technologies could help.
A hard-right turn this weekend will push the former Cat 5 hurricane toward the state’s northwestern islands, with the potential for broader impacts statewide.
Copernicus Sentinel-3 is one of the most diverse missions for measuring and monitoring Earth’s climate systems. It captures a breadth of data about the environment and has contributed substantially to what we know about climate change over the past decade. The launch of the mission’s third satellite heralds the continuity of this vital source of knowledge.
Arctic Report Card: A Close Watch on a Warming Region By Michon Scott The Arctic Report Card, supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), is an annual, peer-reviewed snapshot of environmental conditions north of 60°N. Topics range from air temperature to land and sea ice to changes in marine algae to marine debris left by ship traffic to community monitoring programs. As far away as the Arctic may seem, it directly affects the United States. “The United States is an Arctic country,” NSIDC Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) scientist Walt Meier said. “Alaska is a part of the Arctic. It is strategically important for national security, for commerce, and there are residents, US citizens, who live in the Arctic.” In the early 2000s, scientists...
Open access notables Misrepresentation of Human Climate Fingerprint in DOE Report , Santer et al., Earth s Future A July 2025 report from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) made the key claim that the stratosphere has warmed since 2000, contrary to model projections and inconsistent with the expected anthropogenic fingerprint. The DOE report provided no references or data to support this claim. Its basis appears to be an unpublished figure comparing simulated and observed tropical trends in the temperature of the lower stratosphere (TLS), a layer extending from roughly 15 to 20 km above Earth's surface. The observed tropical TLS trends shown in the unpublished DOE figure are incorrect. When the correct observational data sets are used, model tropical TLS trends are consistent...
China is rapidly expanding its ability to harness renewable energy sources.
This is a re-post from Yale Climate Connections by Karin Kirk It’s been a rough summer for outdoor sports. July was the hottest month ever recorded in the contiguous U.S., and wildfire smoke has repeatedly reached unhealthy levels across large areas of the country. Soccer players competing in the World Cup had to grapple with potentially dangerous heat and humidity , two ski areas suffered major damage from wildfires this summer, trout streams in the Rockies were closed to fishing in the afternoons due to warm water, and the list goes on. Many people who love the outdoors are left with choosing between not recreating at all or doing so in marginal conditions. But athletes, fans, and outdoor enthusiasts can all be part of the solution. Outdoor recreation is a potentially...