From a brain-inspired vision chip to an ice core time machine, these were the most important breakthroughs last year, according to top experts.
Strange wear marks on the teeth of Paleolithic people in Central Europe have long puzzled scientists, but new research may finally reveal the cause.
Ronald Smith, 67, from Red Deer, and has been on death row since 1983 after he and another man, high on LSD and alcohol, shot and killed two cousins near East Glacier, Montana.
‘Extremely smart’ explorer will search for ice on lunar surface and help carry out detailed survey of polar region, space experts say.
Crevasses increasing in size and depth in response to climate breakdown, Durham University researchers find The Greenland ice sheet – the second largest body of ice in the world – is cracking more rapidly than ever before as a response to climate breakdown, a study has found . Researchers used 8,000 three-dimensional surface maps from high-resolution commercial satellite imagery to assess the evolution of cracks in the surface of the ice sheet between 2016 and 2021. Continue reading...
A study of Paleolithic skeletons from Central Europe suggests people's teeth were worn down and crowded together because of cheek piercings.
Voters in Biden’s home town turned to Trump to lower prices, but some are wary of the president’s economic plans The annual Downtown on Ice festival is under way in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Ice sculptures are dotted around the city – there was little chance of them melting as an Arctic blast pulled temperatures down to 15F (-9C). Inside Boscov’s, a 100-year-old department store, Sue Sloan says she can’t wait for spring. The 60–year-old housekeeper says she’s also looking for other changes. “Everything is so expensive,” she says. “Food prices, eggs, meat, gas, electricity, everything. It’s terrible,” she says. Continue reading...
Most Liberal leadership candidates are vowing to end or at least freeze the existing carbon price charged on fossil fuel purchases.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 130, Issue 3, 16 February 2025.
The deal will boost Shell's interest in the upgrader and carbon capture facility to 20 per cent.
While the US president seems hellbent on securing Greenland, local experts advise that achieving control of its potentially lucrative shipping route will be no mean feat If shipping boss Niels Clemensen were to offer any advice to Donald Trump or anyone else trying to get a foothold in Greenland, it would be this: “Come up here and see what you are actually dealing with.” Sitting on the top floor of his beamed office in Nuuk harbour, where snow is being flung around by strong winds in the mid-morning darkness outside and shards of ice pass by in the fast-flowing water, the chief executive of Greenland’s only shipping company, Royal Arctic Line, says: “What you normally see as easy [setting up operations] in the US or Europe is not the same up here.” As well as the cold, ice and extremely...
Learn more about polar bear sebum, the oil on their fur that prevents ice from sticking to them, and how it could be used to replace certain PFAS.
Indigenous peoples of the Arctic traditionally use polar bear fur for its ice-resistant properties, but the science behind the bears’ natural antifreeze hasn't been studied until now
This Oct. 29, 2018, image from the HiRISE camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captures geysers of gas and dust that occur in springtime in the South Polar region of Mars. As the Sun rises higher in the sky, the thick coating of carbon dioxide ice that accumulated over the winter begins to warm and […]
Scientists from the University of Cambridge and British Antarctic Survey have used ice core records to draw new conclusions about how Antarctica was affected by increased global temperatures over 100,000 … The post Ancient Antarctic ice loss offers insights into future climate scenarios appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
Applications to carry out small-scale research projects in the Antarctic in the 2025/26 season are invited from UK-based researchers through the Collaborative Antarctic Science Scheme (CASS). The scheme provides opportunities … The post Opportunities for Antarctic research – apply now! appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
Iceberg A23a is massive, slightly smaller than Long Island. It is drifting slowly towards South Georgia Island and if it reaches the island, it could wreak havoc.
How did woolly mammoths survive the last ice age? And how thick was the ice over New York City? Test your knowledge by taking our quiz.
Cycling's world governing body the UCI is expected to vote for a ban on the use of carbon monoxide rebreathing equipment this week, but why?
Scientists unsure what prompted juvenile whale to leave icy southern waters for warmer shallows, but ‘it may be a case of mis-navigation’ Follow our Australia news live blog for latest updates Get our breaking news email , free app or daily news podcast A young Antarctic minke whale has treated ferry passengers to a rare spectacle after surfacing beside a wharf to the south of Sydney. Christine Hack, the manager of Cronulla and National Park Ferry Cruises, which manages the Cronulla ferry, said the whale began following the vessel as it approached Bundeena wharf at about 10am on Monday. Sign up for Guardian Australia’s breaking news email Continue reading...
Antarctica is melting, and crucial details are beginning to come into focus of exactly how it's happening.
School officials said they did not allow ICE agents to enter the elementary school Friday morning.
Gigantic wall of ice moves slowly from Antarctica on potential collision course with wildlife breeding ground The world’s largest iceberg – a behemoth more than twice the size of London – is drifting toward a remote island where scientists say it could run aground and threaten penguins and seals. The gigantic wall of ice is moving slowly from Antarctica on a potential collision course with South Georgia, a crucial wildlife breeding ground. Continue reading...
Carbon prices on the secondary market went above the $64 mark yesterday for the first time since December’s partial auction clearance.
Senator Matt Canavan has labelled a taxpayer-funded study on Australia's surgery carbon footprint as 'rubbish'.
As the captain of a royal research ship, I break ice to get to British stations in the Antarctic. It’s great fun - but getting stuck is always a risk I have been working for the British Antarctic Survey since I was 19. I started icebreaking on my first trip to the Antarctic and got hooked. Now I am the captain of the royal research ship Sir David Attenborough and I find icebreaking addictive. It’s unique in a maritime career to have the ability, even as a junior officer, to do quite intricate ship handling and manoeuvring at all stages. Ships break the ice continually, 24/7 – so the whole bridge team gets to do it. Continue reading...
HomeScienceVol. 387, No. 6732Spatial resolution for forest carbon mapsBack To Vol. 387, No. 6732 Full accessLetter Share on Spatial resolution for forest carbon mapsLaura Duncanson [email protected], Neha Hunka, [...] , Tommaso Jucker, John Armston, [...] , Nancy Harris, Lola Fatoyinbo, Christopher A. Williams, Jeff W. Atkins, Brett Raczka, [...] , Shawn Serbin, Michael Keller, Ralph Dubayah, Cha…
Enlisting unlikely characters to his inner sanctum has become a Donald Trump trademark. Yet, of all the President's men, surely the zaniest is his new and very unofficial ambassador in the Arctic.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 130, Issue 2, 28 January 2025.
The company has agreed to buy 100,000 offsets from Varaha, which operates biochar and other carbon-removal projects in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Kenya.
A rare winter storm is set to blanket the southern US in snow and ice as the entire East sees temperatures plunge to their lowest point this winter, bringing 'life-threatening' conditions.
Banks, asset managers and industry groups move to accommodate US president’s anti-net zero stance The second Trump administration is expected to strike a blow to efforts to align the global financial sector with the path to net zero, with banks, asset managers and industry groups already moving to accommodate the incoming president’s avowed policy of “drill, baby, drill”. As authorities declared 2024 the hottest on record, atmospheric carbon dioxide leapt by a record amount and fires ravaged Los Angeles , a key private sector climate alliance, the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) abandoned a requirement that members be aligned to the Paris agreement. Continue reading...
Australian scientists are monitoring the rapid melt of Denman Glacier, one of the largest frozen rivers in East Antarctica.
New images from the North Sea show never-before-seen landforms that were carved by a single, colossal ice sheet 1 million years ago and subsequently buried beneath a thick layer of mud.
Dangerously cold weather will put much of the United States into a deep freeze over the weekend as temperatures are expected to plunge by up to 40 degrees behind an Arctic air mass.
Dozens of US states will endure the lowest temperatures they have felt in years next week as a polar vortex brings 'life-threatening' cold. Here's how you can stay safe in these harsh conditions.
Congratulations to British Antarctic Survey (BAS) staff who have been awarded a Polar Medal in the 2025 New Year’s Honours List for their contributions to improving our understanding of Antarctica, … The post BAS staff awarded the Polar Medal 2025 appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
Former finance minister Chrystia Freeland would 'replace' the federal carbon price if she becomes the next Liberal party leader, Global News has confirmed.
[Nile Post] Surpassing the 1.5°C global temperature limit set by the Paris Agreement significantly increases the risk of crossing irreversible tipping points, such as ice sheet collapses, widespread coral reef die-offs, and disruptions to the Gulf Stream.
Welcome to our fourth Postcard from Rothera Research Station, giving you an update on the latest progress as we modernise our largest station in Antarctica. Modernisation progress The season is … The post December 2024: Postcard from Rothera Research Station appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
Online retailer will also begin its first large-scale deliveries by train and trial heavy post-style carts Business live – latest updates Amazon is to deploy nearly 150 electric heavy goods vehicles as well as piling packages on to trains and post-style trolleys in an effort to reduce the carbon footprint of delivering goods in the UK. The tech company said it had bought more than 140 electric Mercedes-Benz heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) and eight Volvo lorries – which it says is the UK’s biggest order of electric trucks – that can take loads of up to 40 tonnes. Continue reading...
Experts are on red alert after uncovering a ticking time bomb in Antarctica that would reshape the continent and dramatically increase sea levels worldwide.
Analyzing gas trapped within different layers of the ice can tell us about Earth’s climate in the past — and give us clues to what might lie ahead.
January payments of the Canada Carbon Rebate will roll out in eight provinces on Wednesday to help individuals and families offset the cost of the federal pollution pricing.
Engraved over 20 millennia ago, it intertwines ritual, symbolism, and water management in a stunning display of prehistoric ingenuity.
Some 40 flood alerts or warnings are active across England and Scotland today, with ice and snow now beginning to melt as temperatures move above 0C (32F).
Antarctica is home to a peak shaped like a perfect pyramid — but contrary to what conspiracy theorists say, the mountain's four symmetrical faces were forged through natural processes.
Analysis of the ancient ice is expected to show how Earth’s atmosphere and climate have evolved.
Emissions caused by wealthiest 1% so far this year would take someone from poorest 50% three years to create The world’s richest 1% have already used up their fair share of the global carbon budget for 2025, just 10 days into the year. In less than a week and a half, the consumption habits of an individual from this monied elite had already caused, on average, 2.1 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, according to analysis by Oxfam GB. It would take someone from the poorest 50% of humanity three years to create the same amount of pollution. Continue reading...
As the Arctic region undergoes changes due to climate change, the melting of the ice opens up a new frontier, unlocking untapped resources and potential new trade routes.
Ice warnings extended for majority of Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland and large parts of east of England as temperatures set to drop as low as -20C overnight Tell us how you have been affected by snow, ice and rain in the UK An NHS trust is preparing to cancel operations, urgently discharge 140 patients and restrict admissions to help it cope with “extreme winter pressures”. The Gloucestershire acute trust declared a “critical incident” on Wednesday as hospitals in England asked patients seeking medical help to come alone to reduce overcrowding in A&E. Continue reading...
It is a historic milestone for climate research: an international research team involving the Alfred Wegener Institute has successfully drilled a 2,800 metre-long ice core , reaching the bedrock beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. In the fourth Antarctic season of the European Commission-funded project "Beyond EPICA - Oldest Ice", the team was able to drill ice that contains a continuous record of the history of our climate as far back as 1.2 million years ago - and probably beyond. The previous age record comes from the EPICA core drilled in 2004, which depicts the atmosphere of the last 800,000 years.
What is probably the world's oldest ice, dating back 1.2m years ago, has been dug out from deep within Antarctica.
Ken Coates, who chairs the Yukon Arctic Security Advisory Council, says Canada's standing as a credible Arctic power is suffering — and the prime minister's decision this week to resign won't help.
No companies bid for the chance to drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. It was the second auction in four years that failed to draw strong interest.
The Grays Bay Road and Port project would see the construction of a 230-kilometre all-weather road that stretches from ice roads in Yellowknife all the way to the Arctic ocean.
[New Times] The government's plan to discourage illegal logging in Nyungwe National Park is set to tap into the carbon market as a way to incentivize thousands of farmers to plant and protect agroforestry trees in their community for a period of 20 years, The New Times has learnt.
Polar vortex chilled central US, downing trees, blasting snow, shuttering schools and causing traffic pile-ups The next round of bitter cold was set to envelop the southern US on Tuesday, after the first significant winter storm of the year blasted a huge swath of the country with ice, snow and wind. The immense storm system brought disruption even to areas of the country that usually escape winter’s wrath, downing trees in some southern states, threatening a freeze in Florida and causing people in Dallas to dip deep into their wardrobes for hats and gloves. Continue reading...
The polar vortex has plunged much of the US into freezing conditions, causing widespread chaos. Heavy snow, ice, and wind led to road closures, power outages, and flight cancellations. At least five lives were lost, over 600 motorists were stranded, and schools across several states have been shut down. Temperatures dropped up to 25°F below normal, breaking weather records.
The non-profit Arctic Ice Project was experimenting with using silica beads to slow ice melt in the Arctic, but tests showed the plan posed risks to the food chain
The Arctic air will hold through the remainder of the week and most likely through the coming weekend with snow across the South Coast here to stay for now.
To advance plans of securing a public/private partnership and land and operate NASA’s VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) mission on the Moon in collaboration with industry the agency announced Monday it is seeking U.S. proposals. As part of the agency’s Artemis campaign, instruments on VIPER will demonstrate U.S. industry’s ability to search for ice […]
Plus: ICE agents in churches and schools. Pro-business, pro-Trump and pro-immigrant.
Cities from Des Moines, Iowa, to Syracuse, New York, need to be on alert for ice, which could create treacherous travel conditions.
This deep-sea polar worm looks like it can't decide if it's dressed for a glitzy party or a gruesome massacre.
California's snowpack stands at 65% of average for this time of year. After a dry January, major storms are forecast to bring more rain and snow.
The United Nations declared 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation to promote awareness about the role of glaciers, snow and ice. The climate system and global hydrological cycle are dependent on accumulated water in solid form as glaciers, snow and ice. Because of the global temperature rise and its impact on the Earth’s […]
Open access notables Revisiting the Last Ice Area projections from a high-resolution Global Earth System Model , Fol et al., Communications Earth & Environment: The Last Ice Area—located to the north of Greenland and the northern Canadian Arctic Archipelago—is expected to persist as the central Arctic Ocean becomes seasonally ice-free within a few decades. Projections of the Last Ice Area, however, have come from relatively low resolution Global Climate Models that do not resolve sea ice export through the waterways of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Nares Strait. Here we revisit Last Ice Area projections using high-resolution numerical simulations from the Community Earth System Model, which resolves these narrow waterways. Under...
[UCT] In a groundbreaking mission, a team from the Polar Engineering Research Group (PERG) at the University of Cape Town (UCT) has set off on their first field expedition on the Antarctic continent. Led by Professor Sebastian Skatulla, this diverse group includes five postgraduate students: Kamva Tabata, Richard Ribbans, Tom Ansley, and Chisambo Ng'ambi, along with experienced field guide Hendrik Smith.
Its eerie red colour, ability to flow in freezing temperatures, and the resilient life forms within it make it one of Antarctica’s most unusual natural wonders. Scientists keep studying it, finding new hints about how it formed and why it keeps going in such harsh conditions. With every discovery, we get closer to fully understanding this strange phenomenon.
We compared the carbon emissions of different rail routes with bus, petrol car and EV. What won out? The answers are not always what you might think.
In a new study, scientists solve a mystery hiding in polar bear fur. The answer might help us all.
A bright fireball streaked across the sky above mountains, glaciers and spruce forest near the town of Revelstoke in British Columbia, Canada, on the evening of March 31, 1965. Fragments of this meteorite, discovered by beaver trappers, fell over a lake. A layer of ice saved them from the depths and allowed scientists a peek […]
The West Antarctic ice sheet could cause metres of sea level rise if it collapses – but more than 120,000 years ago, it may have survived an even warmer period than it is experiencing now
[ISS] The global demand for ivory is driving heavily armed poachers from Chad and Sudan into Cameroon's Bouba Ndjida National Park.
If you're lucky, you may have spotted "hair ice" out in the wild. Early records of the phenomenon, also known as angel hair, date back over a century. As science and climate specialist Darius Mahdavi explains, only in recent years have scientists solved the mystery of how the delicate strands of ice form.
Police say a man in his 60s who was taken to hospital along with two police officers has died, after a carbon monoxide leak Monday afternoon south of Montreal.
The judges described this year's entries as an 'incredible visual journey around the world, capturing its breathtaking moods and colours'.
Scientists from Nanyang Technological University have predicted that global sea levels could rise by a staggering 6.2 feet (1.9 metres) by 2100 if carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.
Humans have become a geologic force by cooking the planet — using fire on a scale that is altering land, water, air and ecosystems.
David Attenborough cameraman Gordon Buchanan was once moments from death after a polar bear decided to attack as he filmed in Svalbard in the Arctic Circle for a BBC series.
Carbon removal schemes involving enhanced rock weathering should consider whether the rocks they use are lighter or darker than the soil, say researchers
The size of Rhode Island, the iceberg is heading toward South Georgia Island off Antarctica, jeopardizing the penguins and seals who call it home.
Vertical migrations by marine organisms contribute to carbon export by consumption of surface phytoplankton followed by defecation in the deep ocean. However, biogeochemical models lack observational data, leading to oversimplified representation of ...
President Trump, in his Davos speech, urges global companies to manufacture in the US with promises of significant tax cuts and reduced regulations, while warning of tariffs otherwise. He also addresses the Ukraine conflict, advocating for lower oil prices as a solution, and emphasizes preserving free speech and a merit-based system domestically.
by McKenzie Funk ProPublica is a nonprofit newsroom that investigates abuses of power. Sign up for Dispatches, a newsletter that spotlights wrongdoing around the country, to receive our stories in your inbox every week. The icebreaker Aiviq is a gas guzzler with a troubled history. The ship was built to operate in the Arctic, but it has a type of propulsion system susceptible to failure in ice. Its waste and discharge systems weren’t designed to meet polar code, its helicopter pad is in the wrong place to launch rescue operations and its rear deck is easily swamped by...
A British woman donned a polar bear costume to run a frigid Norwegian marathon and break a world record with her time of 4 hours, 58 minutes and 29 seconds.
The U.S. would inherit an environmental dilemma of its own making if it lays claim to the massive Arctic island.
[Vanguard] The University of Nigeria, Nsukka, (UNN), says Nigeria estimated over two billion dollars on carbon market activation programme by 2030.
If you feel the need for a change of scenery, a job living on the South Pole with the British Antarctic Survey could be just what you need.
This Blue Monday (20 January), escape the ordinary and apply for the job of a lifetime in Antarctica. British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is looking for people to work at its … The post Seriously remote working – applications open for jobs in Antarctica appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
Yala glacier in Nepal is predicted to vanish by the 2040s, due to significant reductions in area and volume. Monitoring since 1974 shows a retreat of 680m and a 36% area reduction. This glacier is critically endangered, with the Hindu Kush Himalaya region warming twice as fast as the global average.
A rush of Arctic air will overwhelm the weather pattern across North America starting this weekend, plunging Eastern Canada into some deep cold.
Ice core analysis from Greenland reveals volcanic upheaval that coincides with the creation of mysterious "sunstones" in Denmark.
Thailand aims to introduce a new carbon credits market this year as Southeast Asia’s second-largest economy seeks to address weak demand and low prices.
After a brief pause in the arctic air during the end of the workweek, a series of frontal boundaries will help usher in the coldest air of the season, beginning over the weekend and continuing into the upcoming week.
Rare fossils challenge assumptions about how the big cats thrived in a challenging environment.
Antarctica's Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf may be under threat due to relatively warm water from the deep sea flowing towards the shelf. Is climate change to blame?
The microbiome of Antarctic worms helps them cope with extremely cold conditions, providing insights into the role of the microbiome in host health and adaptation.
As climate change accelerates Arctic ice melt, opening up new shipping routes and resource extraction opportunities, Greenland’s geopolitical value has soared.
Astronomers have long tried to track down how elements like carbon, which is essential for life, become widely distributed across the universe. Now, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has examined one ongoing source of carbon-rich dust in our own Milky Way galaxy in greater detail: Wolf-Rayet 140, a system of two massive stars that follow […]
The deadly Santa Ana winds fueling the Los Angeles fires are expected to pick back up this week as another Arctic blast plunges the eastern US into deep cold, marking another week of extremes.
Energy Environ. Sci. , 2025, Accepted Manuscript DOI : 10.1039/D4EE04689G, Paper Wei Bi, Canhuang Li, Dawei Yang, Yu-Zhen Zhang, Lei Hu, Qianhong Gong, Jie Zhang, Yong Cai Zhang, Mengyao Li, Jishi Wei, Yingtang Zhou, Dan Zhou, Wu Tianli, Li-Feng Chen, Andreu Cabot Two-dimensional (2D) nanocarbon-based materials with controllable pore structures and hydrophilic surfaces exhibit significant potential in various applications. However, traditional methods often encounter challenges in achieving these 2D carbon nanomaterials effectively.... The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry
A 24-year-old man named Vijay Danu survived a 330-foot fall into a gorge near Pindari glacier, Uttarakhand. His rescue involved a 13-member team's all-night trek through harsh conditions. Despite severe injuries and hypothermia, Danu was saved and transported for advanced medical care. The operation highlighted the team's extraordinary dedication and bravery in extreme conditions.
An international team of scientists has drilled nearly two miles into Antarctic bedrock, extracting a 1.2 million-year-old ice core. This breakthrough, achieved by Beyond EPICA at Little Dome C, promises unprecedented insights into Earth's climate history, revealing changes in greenhouse gases and atmospheric conditions over millennia.
The 23-year-old hiker who was lost in Kosciuszko national park for 13 days has been discharged from Cooma hospital. Follow today’s news headlines live Get our breaking news email , free app or daily news podcast Nine people in hospital in Hobart after suspected carbon monoxide exposure Nine people have been hospitalised after a hazardous material incident at a business in Hobart yesterday. I had some discoveries when I came back to Serbia. I never told this to anybody publicly, but discoveries that I was, I had a really high level of heavy metal. Heavy metal. I had the lead, very high level of lead and mercury. Continue reading...
The achievement represents the longest continuous record of Earth’s climate from an ice core.
With 2024 set to go down as the hottest year on record, we know that what is coming is truly horrifying The past 12 months have seen our world enter new territory. Last year will go down as the first time that the global average temperature exceeded 1.5C above preindustrial times over a calendar year. We could crash permanently through the 1.5C guardrail within the next five years , and shatter the 2C limit as soon as 2034. This will almost certainly result in the tipping points for collapse of the Greenland and west Antarctic ice sheets being crossed , committing us to the drowning of coastal towns and cities. In years to come, we will look back at this time and ask the same question that future generations will ask: why didn’t we stop this catastrophe? Bill McGuire is professor emeritus...
The $16.5-billion high-profile project in question would capture harmful carbon dioxide emissions from the oilsands, Canada's heaviest-emitting sector.
The fourth Antarctic campaign of the Beyond EPICA-Oldest Ice project has achieved a historic milestone this week, by successfully drilling a 2800-metre-long ice core, consisting of ice from the Antarctic … The post Historic Drilling Campaign Reaches Ice more than 1.2 Million Years Old appeared first on British Antarctic Survey.
How melting ice and geopolitical rivalries are heating up competition in the Arctic
As ice recedes, hidden volcanoes under Antarctica awaken, reshaping predictions for climate change.
John and Stacy Ambler's half-built home that sits along McDonald Creek inside the federal park may be forced to be torn down after an agency believes they illegally constructed it.
German climber Jost Kobusch witnessed avalanches and exploding glaciers while climbing Mount Everest, as a strong earthquake struck the foothills of the Himalayas near one of Tibet's holiest cities on Tuesday (January 7). - REUTERS
More severe weather is in store for the US, including a major windstorm in Southern California, another cross-county winter storm and a surge of Arctic air heading for eastern states.
Met Office warnings for snow and ice remained in force across much of the UK today after severe flooding and blizzards caused motorway chaos and shut railway lines.
Billions of tons of carbon are being locked away in the stuff we build, use, and throw out—but it won’t stay trapped forever.